[Effect of methylphenidate hydrochloride on ovarian and pituitary gonadotropin hormone in peripubertal mice]

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder [ADHD] is the most common in psychology and Methylphenidate hydrochloride [MPH] is one of the most frequently prescribed pediatric medicine. This study was done to determine the effect of Methylphenidate hydrochloride on ovarian and pituitary gonadotropin hormone in peripubertal mice This experimental study was done on 40 preipubertal female mice [BALB/c] with three weeks age and approximate 12-15 gram. The mice were allocated randomly in one control and three experimental groups, designated as I, II and III. Animals in group I, II and III were received by gavage Methylphenidate hydrochloride with 2, 5 and 10 mg/kg body weight for six days, respectively. At the end of experiment body weight, serum estrogen, progesterone and pituitary gonadotropins were measured. Morphometric and histopathological evaluation of ovary were examined. Data were analyzed using SPSS-17, ANOVA and Tukey tests. The body weight and ovary dimensions of animals in experimental groups were reduced significantly in comparison with control [P<0.05]. Abnormal cells, structural alternations of granules cells and follicular growth abnormality were observed in experimental groups I and III in compare to control group. A significant reduction of estrogen, in group I, progesterone levels in group I and III were observed in comparison with the controls [P<0.05]. This study showed that the Methylphenidate hydrochloride administration induces the reduction of body weight, ovary dimensions and hormones

[Evaluation of correlative factor of backache and headache after spinal anesthesia in orthopedic surgery]

Spinal Anesthesia [S.A] is currently becoming a more common and popular method for orthopedic surgeries. Unfortunately, Backache [BA] and Post Dural Puncture Headache [PDPH] are both frequent and troublesome. Several factors [including needle shape and size, frequency rates of puncture attempts, and age and gender] have been shown to affect the rates of such complications. To determine these factors and evaluate some modalities to prevent them. This is a prospective study on 200 patients- 15 to 65 years old with class type 1 and 2 A.S.A [American Society of Anesthesiology], who were candidates for orthopedic lower extremity surgeries. Anesthetic procedure was performed using a standard 24G needle L idocaine 5% plus Epinephrine. Symptom questionnaire was filled for the history of Headache and Backache and history of former S.A. postop puncture complications of 1[st] day, 1[st] week and 1[st] month were added to the forms. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 16 and the results were considered significant at p<0.05. Rates of BA and PDPH were 12.5% and 17%, respectively. Post anesthetic BA for first day, week, and month were 16%, 9%, and 3.5%, respectively and PDPH were 6.5%, 3.5% and 1% respectively with no significant differences. History of former spinal anesthesia with BA and PDPH revealed notable differences [p<0.001]. The results of this study support the idea that history of previous spinal anesthesia could be a triggering factor for backache and headache in prior Spinal anesthetic procedures

Relationship between low birth weight neonate and maternal serum zinc concentration

Zinc deficiency can lead to clinically relevant disturbances in tissue functions and particularly important for birth weight of neonates. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between serum zinc in pregnant women and the incidence of low birth weight [<2500 g] in their newborns. This case-control study was done on women who delivered low birth weight infants [Cases], and normal birth weight infants [Controls]. Blood samples got in all women within 5 minutes of delivery, and assessed the concentration of zinc using electro-thermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Serum concentration of zinc was compared. One hundred and seventeen mothers were enrolled, of them, 65 cases were low birth weight infants [1845 +/- 472 g] and 52 were controls [3166 +/- 435 g]. Mothers in the case and control groups did not differ in age, body mass index, and socioeconomic or demographic factors. Maternal zinc concentration differed between cases and controls; 753.34 +/- 15 micro g/l vs. 654.76 +/- 12 micro g/l respectively. Maternal zinc differed between premature and full term deliveries. Maternal zinc concentration was shown to affect birth weight and prematurity

[Evaluation of BIS alteration and pupil dilatation after arterial unclamping following vascular anastomosis in kidney transplant surgery]

Renal transplantation is the best method of treatment for renal failure and anesthetic management during this procedure is of great importance. Proper dosage of the anesthetic drug for maintaining the respective depth is crucial as well. Arterial unclamping following anastomosis between the donor and recipient's kidney vessels, during which the functional kidney is inserted in the recipient's circulation, is a critical step in transplantation. To investigate the changes in Bispectral number and pupil dilatation as confirmed and probable markers of anesthesia depth have been investigated. This descriptive-analytic study was conducted on 25 patients undergoing renal transplantation in Razi hospital. Alteration in the depth of anesthesia was analyzed using BIS [Bispectral] index [at unclamping moment and its highest value within five minutes following unclamping] as well as pupil dilatation [5 minutes after unclamping]. All the patients underwent identical method of general anesthesia. Data were analyzed using SPSS version16, paired t- test and Mann-Whitney U test. Mean and SD value of the maximum BIS number within 5 minutes after arterial unclamping [68/32 +/- 9/13] and its value at unclamping moment [59/48 +/- 10/65] were significantly different [P<0.0001].The pupil became wider in 84% of the patients immediately after unclamping. No significant relationship was found between the pupil size and BIS change. Considering the present findings, it seems that the depth of anesthesia declines after arterial unclamping following vascular anastomosis of the transplanted kidney. We also found a new sign in kidney transplantation anesthesia, introduced as "PUPIL SIGN", that happens prior to urination from the transplanted kidney, which could have clinical implications for early prognosis of transplantation success

[Household food security status and food consumption among high school students in Esfahan, Iran]

Food security [access to safe, nutritious, affordable food] is one of the important determinants of health status in human life. Since monitoring and assessing of associated factors to food security are essential for health planning, this study has tried to determine household food security status and food consumption amongst high school student families in Esfahan, Iran. This cross-sectional study was conducted in autumn 2008 on 580 high school 14-17y students of Esfahan, Iran using a systematic cluster sampling. Food security and food frequency questionnaire were completed by interviewing mothers and students. The prevalence of household food insecurity was estimated as 36.6% [95%CI: 33-40%]. Household food insecurity was positively associated with frequency of some food group intakes among students, including bread; macaroni; potato; legume; and eggs [P<0.05]. In addition, negative associations were observed between food insecurity and frequency of other food group intakes including rice, red meat, sausage and hamburger, poultry, fish, green vegetables, root and bulb[colored] vegetables, melons, banana, pineapple, coconut, mango, apple, orange, milk, and yogurt [P<0.05]. The results of this study indicate that food insecurity is prevalent among [students] households in Esfahan. In addition, students living in food-insecure households more frequently consumed cheap foods containing high energy per kilogram. Therefore, appropriate nutritional programs should be designed to improve the quality of household food consumption

[Cost price estimation of radiology services in Shafa Hospital, Kerman, 2010]

Activity Based Costing is widely used as a cost measurement instrument to more closely approximate the true cost of operations. This study was aimed to estimate radiology services total cost in Shafa hospital, Kerman. This practical research was done by descriptive method in a Cross-sectional and retrospective form during year 2010. Data was collected trough direct observation, interviews and information sheets of hospital. Cost price of radiology services calculated by using activity based costing method and Excell software. Personnel cost involved 55.70% from total costs in the radiology department that is the highest share of department costs. Consuming materials obtained 7/57% of department costs. Nutrition cost's share was 1/23%. Water, electricity and telephone costs were/32% from total cost. Also, the depreciation cost equals 14/96% of total costs. Total cost in this ward was 1396273212 Rials from which 97/68% is related to direct costs and 2/32% to indirect costs. The results of research indicated that we can reduce the services cost price by improving performance management, especially human resource management initiatives and standardization of consumptions to reduce the consuming materials coat

Traumatic pseudo-aneurysm and concurrent dissection of the aortic arch treated with endovascular stenting

The pseudo-aneurysms of thoracic aorta are rare and a life-threatening complication of aortic surgery and blunt chest trauma. This article demonstrates a case report of a traumatic aortic arch dissection and formation of a false aneurysm after blunt chest trauma in Iran. A 23-year-old man was referred complaining of chest pain and exertional cough. He had a history of chest and abdominal trauma five months ago after a car accident, resulting in acceleration-deceleration injury. The trauma resulted in an extensive injury on the left side of the chest and abdomen associated with multiple rib fractures, hemopneumothorax and splenic rupture. Splenectomy and left chest tube drainage was performed. The patient was admitted for 15 days. Finally, he recovered to normal and was discharged in satisfactory condition. However, his chest pain and cough restarted and its severity gradually increased. In chest x-ray, a left upper mediastinal mass was detected, which was later confirmed by 64 multi-slice chest CT scan as a false aortic arch aneurysm and aortic dissection. It seems endovascular stent-graft technique for the treatment of thoracic aorta aneurysm may present a good treatment choice with a low risk and less invasive approach

Cardiopulmonary arrest outcome in Nemazee hospital, southern Iran

Many factors are important determinants in the outcome of cardiopulmonary resuscitation [CPR] such as quality of CPR, age of patients, co morbidities, time and location of arrest, and skill of rescuers. This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of CPR in Shiraz, southern Iran. From October 2007 to March 2008, all patients who received in-hospital CPR in Nemazee Hospital affiliated to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences were enrolled. Two standard scales of ROSC [Return of Spontaneous Circulation] and DR [Discharge Rate] were used to evaluate the efficacy of CPR. Two hundred and seventy one patients [45.1%] had ROSC while 329 [54.9%] died immediately after resuscitation. Among ROSC patients, 18 [6.6%] cases were discharged from the hospital [3% of study population]. Although ROSC was comparable with developed countries, but the DR was lower. It shows that in our area, post-resuscitation care needs more attention in relation to organized trainings and the skills in post-resuscitation care together with expansion of the facilities

[ evaluation of the effect of maternal blood lead concentration on the incidence of delivery of low birth weight neonates]

Low birth weight of the neonates is one of the most common problems in neonatology and its incidence is 7.6% of all live births. Several risk factors including lead exposure during pregnancy have been considered as predisposing factors. Thus, we decided to study the relationship between maternal blood lead level and the incidence of delivery of the low birth weight neonates. In this case-control study, 40 mothers with low birth weight newborns [<2500gr] and 40 mothers with normal weight newborns [>2500gr] were considered as case and control groups respectively and admitted in Emam Reza Hospital, Mashad Medical University, in 2005. Blood lead level was measured by use of atomic absorption spectrophotometry. There were no significant differences in the mean values of age, BMI and place of residence between the 2 groups [P values were 0.17 for age, 0.9 for place of residence]. Mean neonatal weight in case and control groups were 2001 +/- 437gm and 3156 +/- 422.7gm respectively. Mean maternal blood lead level was 144.6 +/- 28.5 micro g/lit. Mean maternal blood lead level in control and case groups were 124.6 +/- 17.5 micri g/lit and 104.9 +/- 26.4 micri g/lit respectively which showed a significant difference [P=0.02]. In addition, blood lead level in 68.8% of mothers was higher than 100. Blood lead levels in the mothers of our study were significantly higher than those of other studies in other countries. Although elevated blood lead level during pregnancy did not lead to low birth weight deliveries, it may give rise to nervous system disorders in the future

[Predictive value of nucleated red blood cells count in cord blood of newborn]

The screening of infants who need to be admitted immediately following birth but without application of invasive procedures is of prime importance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the value of nucleated red blood cells [nRBCs] count of cord blood in predicting the need for admission to NICU or neonatal ward. This was a case-control study performed on 100 live, newly born full-term infants [70 healthy infants and 30 infants admitted to NICU or neonatal ward] at Vali-e-Asr Hospital of Zanjan [Iran] in 2005. Umbilical cord blood was collected at delivery time to measure the nRBCs count. Data were collected through questionnaires and further analyzed by SPSS using chi square and Mann-Whitney Tests. The mean nRBCs counts in admitted neonates [case group] and healthy infants [control group] failed to show a statistically significant difference however, by omitting the cases for whom negative nRBCs counts were reported, a significant difference between two groups was observed. The number of abnormal nRBCs, the mean number of abnormal nRBCs, and the number of absolute abnormal nRBCs [nRBCs>1000] in cord blood of the case group were significantly higher than those in control group. The sensitivity and specificity of nRBCs count were 33.3% and 100%, respectively. Although the nRBCs count alone could not be considered as an ideal screening tool for those group of neonates with clinical complications however, it seems that the nRBCs count could be a helpful diagnostic parameter in predicting a need for admission

[ case report of adrenal neurofibroma surgical by laparoscopy in Middle East]

Introduction: Now a days, the increased use of abdominal ultrasound and CT scanning has led to the frequent finding of unexpected adrenal masses, which named incideltaloma. Unsuspected adrenal masses have been detected in 0.6-1.3% of upper abdominal CT scan

Case report: The case was a 24 years old woman who had vauge pain in her right flank. In sonography one mass, 5 cm diameter, in retroperitoneoum and right kidney was observed which had shifted renal vein to anterior. In CT scan, one mass, sized 4.6chi 39 mm, in anatomic size of right adrenal with significant enhancement and central hypodensity was observed which had moved renal vein to anterior. The patient underwent transperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy and in pathology, neurofibroma was reported

Evaluation of the correlation between fetal well being tests with APGAR score and pH of umbilical artery in high risk pregnant women

Acidosis-hypoxic phenomenon is a valid indicator to determine fetal distress and is defined by mearuring the blood pH of umbilical cord. None of the present screening tests for evaluation of pregnant mothers have acceptable clinical accuracy to assess fetal acidosis. We decided to evaluate the relationshop between fetal well being tests Non-Stress Test [NST], Oxytocin Challenge Test [OCT] and Biophysical Profile [BPP] with APGAR score and the blood pH of umbilical cord. In this case-control study, we enrolled 50 high-risk pregnant women [BPP test positive, OCT positive or non reactive NST] as cases and 50 pregnant women without fetal risk factors as control group. The umbilical cord blood sample was taken immediately after delivery. Some variables such as maternal age, gestational age, parity, NST, OCT, BPP, blood pH of umbilical cord, neonatal weight, sex and APGAR score were evaluated and the data was analyzed by SPSS software. Discrimination between NST with acidosis [P<0.01] was significant in the case and control groups, but in case of OCT with acidosis it was not significant. NST and OCT had low sensitivity [58.3 and 46.5 respectively]. Besides, the relationship between BPP and blood pH of umbilical cord was significant in the case and control groups [P<0.02]. APGAR score of the cases were lower than the control group [P<0.0001]. In evaluation of fetal acidosis, the BPP test is the best screening test comparing to NST and OCT

Comparison between two and twenty-four hours salt powder in treatment of infant umbilical granuloma

One of the most common umbilical abnormalities in neonates is umbilical granuloma, causing inflammation and drainage. The common treatment is application of a 75% silver nitrate stick. This study was carried out to compare the effect of 2 and 24 hours salt [NaCl] in treatment on infant umbilical granuloma. From January 2004 to January 2006, at Neonatal ICU and Infant Follow-up Clinic of Imam Reza Hospital, Mashad University of Medical Sciences, Mashad, Iran, two groups including 20 infants with umbilical granuloma undergoing a 24 hours treatment with salt as the case group and 20 infants undergoing a 2 hours treatment with salt as the control group were compared. There were18 boys and 22 girls. The treatment days in case and control groups were 1.2+0.6 and 2.1+0.4, respectively and the difference was statistically significant. In either group, there were no significant differences between sex, birth weight, time of umbilical separation and age of enrollment. 24-hours treatment of umbilical granuloma with salt was shown to be more effective than the 2- hours treatment method

Proton beam dosimetry by CR-39 track-etched detector

High and intermediate energy protons are not able to form a track in a solid state nuclear track detector [SSNTD] directly. However, such tracks can be formed through secondary particles created during primary radiation nuclear reactions in a SSNTD. The protons with primary energies of 9.6 and 30 MeV available at the cyclotron accelerator with corresponding low LETs of 5.87 and 2.40 keV/ micro m were taken into consideration. The nuclear tracks etch rate ratio V in CR-39 were measured and transformed into LET spectra for the absorbed and equivalent dose measurements. The optimum etching condition of 6 N NaOH solutions at 65 to 70 ?C over a 6-hour period for the CR-39 were found initially. The corresponding bulk etching rate reached a steady rate of about 0.62 to 1.3 um/h after nine hours for an optimum etching condition. Although the LET was low, but the energy range seemed sufficient enough to create secondary particles with much higher LET through the nuclear reactions in CR-39. The relative absorbed dose contribution of the created secondary particles to the primary particles for the 9.6 and 30 MeV protons in CR-39 at 1 Gy entrance dose were 7.5 and 29.6%, respectively. The contribution of the secondary particle increased relatively with the proton energy decrease. This phenomenon could modify the characteristics of the energy transfer process due to secondary particles when such particles are used for radiobiological studies and/or for radiotherapy

[ study of voice disorders in patients suffering from hypothyroidism]

Hypothyroidism is a common disease in Iran. It can interfere with the normal function of some of the systems in the human body; one of the symptoms it is associated with is hoarseness, a of dysfunction that may occur in such patients. This study has been performed to determine the details of voice disorders in hypothyroidism. Hypothyroidism was confirmed in fifteen patients examined by an endocrinologist, using hormone laboratory tests. In all patients T4 level was less than 5 mg[d] and TSH level was over 10 mu/L. the vocalization and speech quality of all the cases were recorded and analyzed using the MDVP program by Visipitch system. The result of this study indicates that the majority of cases suffer from some degrees of dysphonia; dryness of pharynx and larynx, hoarseness and the feeling of having a lump in their larynx are among the common complaints of these patients. Fundamental frequency [FO] in their voices with mean and SD [200 +/- 47 Hz] indicates a meaningful difference with normal values [P<0/01]. Jitter parameter in studied patients with mean and SD [1/79 +/- 1/31] also indicates a meaningful difference with normal values [p<0/01]. This is also the case with the Shimmer parameter in the studied patients with mean and SD [6/15 +/- 4.66] implying a meaningful difference with normal values [p<0/01]. This study indicates that voice problems are very common in hypothyroidism

[ study of factor structure, validity, reliability and standardization of borderline personality scale [STB] in Shiraz University Students]

The borderline traits scale [STB] was developed at Oxford by Claridge and Broks [1984]. As outlined in detail in Claridge and Broks, STB scale was based on the criteria for borderline personality disorder, and was set out in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual -3rd edition [DSM-III; American Psychiatric Association, 1980]. Recently this scale was revised by Rawlings et al [2001]. In this study STB corresponded with DSM-IV-TR's criteria for borderline personality disorder. This scale represented one form of a more general 'borderline' condition, referring to unstable modes of interpersonal responding, including ambivalence and degree of control of emotional expression. This scale investigates borderline characteristics of normal population on the base of continuity view of psychotic characteristics. The aim of this study was to investigate psychometric properties and standardization of borderline personality scale [STB]. A group of 749 normal participants [380 male and 369 female from collages of Shiraz University] and 60 patients [30 with schizophrenia and 30 with major depression disorders] took part in this research. Principal Component Analysis with promax rotation for STB, extracted three factors which were labeled hopelessness, impulsivity and stress related paranoid/dissociative symptoms factors respectively. However for this scale three other types of validity [concurrent validity, differential validity and correlation between subscales and the whole scale and among subscales] and three reliability [test retest, internal constancy and half splitting reliabilities] were reported. Based on these results, it was concluded that STB scale contain good psychometric properties in Iranian population and it be can used, as valid measure, in psychological and psychiatric researches. Finally the result of this study showed standardized information for STB with sample of 749 participants

case report of recurrent hydrops fetalis due to maternal alloimmunization with Kell antigen

During pregnancy, irregular blood group antibodies originating either from earlier pregnancies or from blood transfusions may severely affect child health. In this report, a case of maternal alloimmunization to Kell antigen is described.The mother had a history of partial mole and four repeated intrauterine fetal death due to hydrops fetalis.Screening of irregular blood group antibodies revealed that she has anti-Kell with the titer of 1:4096. Also in genetic analysis, a C677T homozygous mutation of MTHFR gene was found, which could potentially enhance destructive effects of anti-Kell antibody. The described case emphasizes the importance of being informed about the presence of irregular blood group antibodies during pregnancy which may cause recurrent hydrops

Oral Lesions at Birth

The aim of this study was to determine the frequency distribution of oral lesions at birth. 11 11 Method: All babies delivered in Mashhad sina hospital were examined for oral lesions immediately after birth for one year since 1.1.82. In this cross sectional descriptive study, frequency distribution was detected from data. During the study period 3298 babies were delivered. Oral lesions included 76% ii Epstein pearls, 35% Bone nodule, 0.33% ankyloglossia, 0.12% natal teeth, 0.03% congenital epulis, 0.03% cleft lip, 0.06% cleft palate, 0.03% cleft lip and palate. In this study Epstein pearls were the most common lesion at birth and cleft lip, with or without cleft palate and congenital epulis, were the lowest ones

Frequency of oral lesions in newborns at Mashhad Imam Reza Hospital, in 2001

Neonatal period is the first developing phase after birth follow by different developmental processes up to the age of puberty. A neonate may be born with different oral lesions. The aim of this study was to evaluate oral lesions in newborns at Mashhad Imam Reza Hospital. In this cross - sectional descriptive study, 600 newborns were observed during 2.5 months in 2001. Total oral cavity including soft palate, hard palate, tongue, alveolar ridge and oral cavity floor was examined with tongue blade and light. Results showed that 52.6% of newborns [316 cases] had oral lesions. 0.66% cases had natal and neonatal teeth, 0.5% cases had congenital epulis, 1.8% cases were with ankyloglossia, 41.5% cases with Epstein's pearls, 22.3% cases with Bohn nodule and 0.16% case with exostosis. There were no cases with cleft lip or cleft palate. The most frequent oral lesion observed was Epstein's pearls. Our study showed that prevalence of natal teeth in the city of Mashhad was more than other countries except for Bohn nodule and Epstein's pearls which occurred less frequently than other countries

Endoscopic resection of lower ureter in upper urinary tract tumors

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of endoscopic resection of lower ureter in upper urinary tract tumor cases. Five patients with transitional cell carcinoma [TCC] of the upper urinary tract were enrolled in this study. Nephrectomy was carried out through a flank incision and distal ureter with a cuff of bladder, which was removed using endoscopic approach. Complications and recurrence rate were evaluated. A total of 5 patients with upper urinary tract tumor underwent the endoscopic resection of lower ureter. All the patients had grade I transitional cell tumor. Two patients had suffered from bladder TCC treated previously. During the follow-up two cases developed bladder tumor: one, 18 months and another, one year postoperatively, both in the base of bladder, which was managed successfully by transurethral resection [TUR]. Endoscopic resection of lower ureter in selected patients with upper urinary tract tumors can lead to lower morbidity, shorter operation time, and higher patient's satisfaction. Despite the minority of cases in this study, it seems that this method is applicable in selected cases